nearly all worked, will never be seen again. The new 
     generation is completely different, capable of rising to 
     greater heights and of descending to greater depths. 
     They deserve a more sympathetic knowledge of their 
     difficulties and their far greater temptations. African 
     parents need to be taught this before it is too late so 
     that they may realize that they are dealing with finer bits 
     of mechanism than they themselves were.

Carothers stresses the fact that it is indeed a very little literacy 
that produces these effects, “some familiarity with written 
symbols—in reading, writing and arithmetic.”

     Finally (p. 318), Carothers turns for a moment to China, 
where printing had been invented in the seventh or eighth 
century and yet “seems to have had little effect in